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264 results for “Degradation”
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Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractEcological Sanitation in Morocco Promotion of the Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilets-Case of Dayet IfrahYoussef Abarghaz, M. Mustapha Mahi, Mme Christine Werner et al.Problem statement: Most of people in rural areas in Morocco don’t have adequate systems of collection, evacuation and transport of black and gray water. They simply defecate in nature. There is a huge demand, which cannot possibly be met by conventional sanitation systems due to the enormous costs of the pipe network, lack of water and serious environmental drawbacks in … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 3 · 7 Apr 2012 · 8,028 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractDecolorization of Distillery Effluent by Thermotolerant Bacillus subtilisSoni Tiwari, Rajeeva Gaur, Priyanka Rai, Ashutosh TripathiProblem statement: Ethanol production from sugarcane molasses generate large volume of effluent containing high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) along with melanoidin, a color compound generally produced by “Millard reaction”. Melanodin is a recalcitrant compound degraded by specific microorganisms having ability to produce mono and di-oxygenases peroxidases, phenoxidases and laccases, are mainly responsible for degradation of … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 6 · 14 Mar 2012 · 7,652 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractA Fault Tolerant Congestion Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc NetworksG. Rajkumar, K. DuraiswamyProblem statement: The performance of ad hoc routing protocols will significantly degrade when there are faulty nodes in the network. Packet losses and bandwidth degradation are caused due to congestion and thus, time and energy is wasted during its recovery. The fault tolerant congestion aware routing protocol addresses these problems by exploring the network redundancy through multipath routing. Approach: In … …Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 8, Issue 5 · 23 Feb 2012 · 6,449 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractHistorical Changes in Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contaminated SedimentsViet D. Dang, David M. Walters, Cindy M. LeeProblem statement: PCBs contamination continues to pose a health risk to aquatic environments due to their recalcitrance and bioaccumulation. The Sangamo Weston/Twelvemile Creek/Lake Hartwell Superfund Site is an example of such a health risk as a result of PCBs discharged from a former capacitor manufacturing plant. We conducted a study in twelvemile creek (Clemson, SC, USA) to examine the temporal … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 1 · 25 Jan 2012 · 7,086 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractCoherent Polarization Shift Keying Modulated Free Space Optical Links Over a Gamma-Gamma Turbulence ChannelX. Tang, Z. Ghassemlooy, S. Rajbhandari et al.Problem statement: The optical signal propagating through the Free Space Optical (FSO) channel suffers from irradiance and phase fluctuations caused by the atmospheric turbulence, which results in Bit Error Rate (BER) performance degradation. Approach: In this study the performance of the Multilevel Coherent Polarization Shift Keying (M-POLSK) based FSO communication system operating over the gamma-gamma turbulence channel is investigated. To … …American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 4 · 18 Jan 2012 · 7,957 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractDesign of Tree Structure in Context Clustering Process of Hidden Markov Model-Based Thai Speech SynthesisSuphattharachai ChomphanProblem statement: In HMM-based Thai speech synthesis, the tone degradation due to the imbalance of training data of all tones. Some distortion of syllable duration is obviously noticeable when the system is trained with a small amount of data. These problems cause the decrement in naturalness and intelligibility of the synthesized speech. Approach: This study proposes an approach to improve … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 3 · 14 Jan 2012 · 6,961 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractRemediation Technologies for Marine Oil Spills: A Critical Review and Comparative AnalysisD. Dave, A.E. GhalyProblem statement: Anthropogenic activities pollute the oceans with oil through land run off, vessels accidents, periodic tanker discharges and bilge discharges. Oil spills are environmental disasters that impact human, plants and wild life including birds, fish and mammals. Approach: In this study, the International Guidelines for Preventing Oils Spills and Response to Disasters were reviewed and the characteristics of oil … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 5 · 2 Nov 2011 · 25,617 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractEffects of Land Use Practices on the Organic Carbon Content, Cation Exchange Capacity and Aggregate Stability of Soils in the Catchment ZonesMosayeb Heshmati, Arifin Abdu, Shamshuddin Jusop, Nik Muhammad MajidProblem statement: Land use practice leads to changes in the physico-chemical properties of soils, such as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Soil Aggregate Stability (SAS) that cause soil erosion. Approach: Merek catchment, Iran suffers from land degradation due to poor land use practice. A study was carried out with the objectives: (i) to determine soil nutrient … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 12 · 25 Oct 2011 · 8,726 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractFluctuations of Phytoplankton Community in the Coastal Waters of Caspian Sea in 2006Siamak Bagheri, Mashhor Mansor, Marzieh Makaremi et al.Problem statement: The Caspian Sea ecosystem has been suffered with many problems since 1980s. Aanthropogenic pollution from heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, changes in the quantity of nutrient inputs by rivers, are significant threats to biodiversity and biological resources such as plankton structure in the Caspian Sea. According to the significant of phytoplankton community in marine system. The state of the … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 12 · 20 Oct 2011 · 8,460 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractThe Comparison of Spectrophotometric Method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Photosynthetic Pigments AnalysisSabina Jodłowska, Adam LatałaProblem statement: Spectrophotometric method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are the most useful tools to photosynthetic pigments analysis. The main objective of this reaserch was to compere the results obtained by these two independent methods in experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. Approach: Comparison between spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for pigment analysis was carried out on Baltic cyanobacterium Geitlerinema amphibium, which … …OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue 2 · 30 Sep 2011 · 10,872 accessesView PDFCite