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Research ArticleOpen accessIn the keywordsOn Bessel’s Correction: Unbiased Sample Variance, the Bariance, and a Novel Runtime-Optimized EstimatorFelix ReichelBessel’s correction adjusts the denominator in the sample variance formula from n to n – 1 to ensure an unbiased estimator of the population variance. This paper provides rigorous algebraic derivations to reinforce the necessity of this correction. It further introduces the concept of Bariance, an alternative dispersion measure based on average pairwise squared differences that avoids reliance on the … …Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 21, Issue 1 · 29 Jan 2026 · 2,994 accessesView PDF Cite

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