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314 articles for “Costs”
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Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractA GA Based Transmission Network Expansion Planning Considering Voltage Level, Network Losses and Number of Bundle LinesS. Jalilzadeh, H. Shayeghi, M. Mahdavi, H. HadadianTransmission Network Expansion Planning (TNEP) was studied considering voltage level, network losses and number of bundle lines using decimal codification based genetic algorithm (DCGA). TNEP determines the characteristic and performance of the future electric power network and directly influences the operation of power system. Up till now, various methods have been presented for the solution of the Static Transmission Network … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 5 · 31 May 2009 · 7,588 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractAir-Cooling Used For Metal CuttingBrian Boswell, Behrad Katirachi, Tilak T ChandratillekeAir-cooling and dry machining are both being trialled as possible solutions to the metal cutting industry’s long running problems of extending tool life, reducing tool failure and minimising the heat generation at the tool tip. To date, large amounts of expensive coolant which cause both environmental damage and health hazards have had to be used. The introduction of dry machining … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 2 · 28 Feb 2009 · 8,215 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractAerobic Biostabilization of Old MSW LandfillsM.C. ZanettiMany years after the end of the cultivation phase, landfills may generate intense odours, toxic and explosive gases and heavily-polluted leachate. A wide-spreading trend in the management of MSW landfills is represented by the forced aeration of wastes in order to achieve the stabilization, reducing the negative environmental impact of uncontrolled sites (old landfills which can be definitely considered as … …American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 4 · 31 Dec 2008 · 7,236 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractEffect of the Detoxification on the Shrinkage Temperature and pH of Chromium Leather Waste, Another Promising Way for the Tannery PollutionA. Malek, M. HachemiThe leather tannery industry produces a significant amount of solid chromium waste. Environmental concerns and escalating landfill costs are becoming increasingly serious problems to the leather industry and alternative disposal methods are needed. This research describes the possibility of decrease of the shrinkage temperature and to increase the pH value of leather waste by detoxification treatment with use of tartrate … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 10 · 31 Oct 2008 · 7,119 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractDetermination of Average Contour of Thais Skulls for Design of ImplantsKhemachit Sena, Surasith PiyasinIn this study, 100 dry skulls of Thais collected at the Srinagarind Hospital in Khon Kaen, Thailand were CT scanned and served for the investigation of the geometric average contour of Thais skulls. Moreover, measurements of distances between landmark points on skulls (cranial anthropometry) were made with this set of skulls for future standardization of skull implants. Thus the main … …American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 3 · 30 Sep 2008 · 7,257 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractA Typical Case Study: Solid Waste Management in Petroleum RefineriesJadea S. Alshammari, Fatma K. Gad, Ahmed A.M. Elgibaly, Abdul Rehman KhanThe current environmental concerns have forced developed and developing countries to reduce air, water and land pollution for sustainable growth. Solid refinery waste is cocktail of hydrocarbons, water, heavy metal and fine solids and is substantial in quantity. The principal processes of waste management focus mainly on waste source reduction, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration with or without energy recovery, fuel … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 4 · 31 Aug 2008 · 9,773 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractSolid Waste Management in Petroleum RefineriesJadea S. Alshammari, Fatma K. Gad, Ahmed A.M. Elgibaly, Abdul Rehman KhanWaste management became focus of attention of many researchers and scientists in the last half century due to its vital importance. Waste management covered waste source reduction in general, by recycling, reusing, composting, incineration with or without energy recovery, fuel production and land filling. A common approach of waste management models were for specific problems with a limited scope (like … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 4 · 31 Aug 2008 · 6,945 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractSustainable Management of Effluents from Small Piggery Farms in MexicoJ.L. de Victorica-Almeida, M. Galván-García, R. Ayala-RuizIn Mexico, pig farming is the third most important livestock activity due to its contribution to the total meat production. However, it is estimated that around 38% of pig farms dispose their wastewaters without any treatment directly into the nation’s water bodies, which in turn has a severe impact in the environment. One reason for not treating is the high … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 3 · 30 Jun 2008 · 7,369 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractPlants Responses to Nutrients Follow the Saturation Kinetic Typical of Enzyme Systems: Biological, Economical and Environmental ImplicationsR.P. LanaAgricultural efficiency has been associated with high plant productivity. However, it is dependent on fertilizers, which are nonrenewable resources. Crop production response to fertilizers is hyperbolic, following the Michaelis-Menten model and the law of diminishing return. Data of crop production (barley, bean, corn, cotton, soybean and wheat) as a function of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization were analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk … …OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2008 · 6,898 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractJTst- An Automated Unit Testing Tool for Java ProgramKamal Zuhairi Zamli, Nor Ashidi Mat IsaSoftware testing is an integral part of software development lifecycle. Lack of testing can often lead to disastrous consequences including lost of data, fortunes, and even lives. Despite its importance, current software testing practice lacks automation, and is still primarily based on highly manual processes from the generation of test cases up to the actual execution of the test. Although … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 2 · 28 Feb 2008 · 7,396 accessesView PDFCite