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314 articles for “Costs”
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Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractFacial Features for Template Matching Based Face RecognitionChai Tong Yuen, M. Rizon, Woo San San, Tan Ching SeongProblem statement: Template matching had been a conventional method for object detection especially facial features detection at the early stage of face recognition research. The appearance of moustache and beard had affected the performance of features detection and face recognition system since ages ago. Approach: The proposed algorithm aimed to reduce the effect of beard and moustache for facial features … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 11 · 30 Nov 2009 · 9,381 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractConsumer Satisfaction with Public Health Care in ChinaLinghui Jiang, Christopher Gan, Betty Kao et al.Problem statement: Consumer satisfaction is regarded as one of the ultimate goals that all health system should strive for (Hsiao, 2003), it reflects the effectiveness of the health system in consumers’ prospect. Yet public health care services in developing countries including Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) have failed to achieve adequate level of services. China, for example, satisfaction of public health … …Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 3 · 30 Sep 2009 · 8,246 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractReconciling the Bio Safety Protocol and the WTO Regime: Problems, Perspectives and PossibilitiesP. G. Gayathri, Reshma R. KurupProblem statement: The issue of regulation of international trade in Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) evokes a very unique, passionate and emotional debate between environmentalists and businesses. At the conceptual level itself, like most other multilateral environmental agreements, the Cartagena Protocol appears to be incompatible with the WTO Rules. Approach: Further, since there is precious little scientific certainty on the actual … …American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Vol. 1, Issue 3 · 30 Sep 2009 · 7,782 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractExpecting the Unexpected Macroeconomic Volatility and Climate PolicyGajendra Singh ChauhanProblem statement: Analysts have been comparing a policy scenario with a baseline scenario of future economic conditions without the policy, to estimate the emissions reductions and costs of a climate policy. Both scenarios required assumptions about the future course of numerous factors such as population growth, technical change and non-climate policies like taxes. Approach: The purpose of this study was … …American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Vol. 1, Issue 3 · 30 Sep 2009 · 7,496 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractVoltage Sag Effects on the Process Continuity of a Refinery with Induction Motors LoadsTarek I. ElShennawy, Mahmoud A. El-Gammal, Amr Y. Abou-GhazalaProblem statement: Process continuity of industrial plants (like a refinery) is subjected to several shutdowns due to voltage sags causing large induction motors to trip, either by undervoltage or by overcurrent relays, sometimes by the mechanical protection. These unplanned shutdowns cost the plant tens of thousands of dollars per shutdown in addition to material damage costs, restart charges and any … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 8 · 31 Aug 2009 · 7,132 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractDesign of Garbage Sorting MachineStephen Kwasi Adzimah, Simons AnthonyProblem statement: Domestic waste collection, sorting and disposal are major problems in many developing countries such as Ghana. It is an undeniable fact that the environment has been engulfed in filth. This filth comprises of the garbage and waste generated in homes, workplace and industrial setups. Most of this waste has found its way into the streets, gutters, in and … …American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2009 · 8,520 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractHot Machining of Hardened Steels with Coated Carbide InsertsM. A. Lajis, A. K.M.N. Amin, A. N.M. Karim et al.Problem statement: The benefits of easier manufacture of hardened steel components can be substantial in terms of reduced machining costs and lead times compared to the traditional route involving machining of the annealed state followed by heat treatment, grinding/EDM and manual finishing. But machinability of hard material through conventional machining is hindered due to excessive wear of the cutting tools … …American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2009 · 8,384 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractThe Effects of Excess Oxygen to Mixture on the Gasses Emissions of a Gasoline EngineWaleed MomaniProblem statement: The effects of excess feeding oxygen to the fuel-air mixture on the exhausts gasses emissions concentrations are investigated here. It is known that spark-ignition and diesel engines are considered as major sources of urban air pollution; such pollutants are CO2, CO, HC. Hence, many techniques have been used to decrease such emissions such as: Catalytic converters, oxidizers, traps … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 6 · 30 Jun 2009 · 7,517 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractA Quick Method for Metarhizium anisopliae Isolation from Cultural SoilsM. A. Tajick Ghanbary, A. Asgharzadeh, A. R. Hadizadeh, M. Mohammadi SharifProblem statement: Fungi are one of the most active members in biological community of cultural soils. Many saprophyte and facultative parasitic fungi live in soil. Metarhizium anisopliae, one of the most famous soil inhabitant entomopathogens has a virulence potential on plant and animal pests. Approach: Introducing a new method for its isolation from soil was an applied method to find … …American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2009 · 9,326 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractIntegrating Gene Expression Programming and Geographic Information Systems for Solving a Multi Site Land Use Allocation ProblemKhalid A. EldrandalyProblem statement: Land use planning may be defined as the process of allocating different activities or uses to specific units of area within a region. Multi sites Land Use Allocation Problems (MLUA) refer to the problem of allocating more than one land use type in an area. MLUA problem is one of the truly NP Complete (combinatorial optimization) problems. Approach: … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 5 · 31 May 2009 · 7,856 accessesView PDFCite