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191 articles for “Pathway”
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Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractCocaine: A Catalyst for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated DementiaNavneet K. Dhillon, Milind Gadgil, Andy Rahardja et al.Injection drug use has been recognized as a major risk factor for AIDS from the outset of the epidemic. Cocaine, one of the most widely abused drugs in the United States can both impair the functions of macrophages and CD4+ lymphocytes and also activate HIV-1 expression in these cells. Cocaine is a multifactorial agent that acts globally to impair the … …American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 4, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2008 · 7,590 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractMitochondrial Energy-Deficient Endophenotype in AutismJ. Jay Gargus, Faiqa ImtiazWhile evidence points to a multigenic etiology of most autism, the pathophysiology of the disorder has yet to be defined and the underlying genes and biochemical pathways they subserve remain unknown. Autism is considered to be influenced by a combination of various genetic, environmental and immunological factors; more recently, evidence has suggested that increased vulnerability to oxidative stress may be … …American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 4, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2008 · 11,518 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractWhat is Xenohormesis?Joseph A. Baur, David A. SinclairPolyphenols such as resveratrol and quercetin, which are produced by stressed plants, activate sirtuin enzymes and extend the lifespan of fungi and animals, ostensibly by mimicking the beneficial effects of caloric restriction. This observation raises an interesting question: Why should foreign molecules that are non-nutritive and seemingly unrelated to any endogenous molecule modulate the same biochemical pathways that mediate the … …American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2008 · 10,391 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractHormesis and Exercise: How the Cell Copes with Oxidative StressLi Li Ji, Zsolt Radak, Sataro GotoContraction-induced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species has been shown to cause oxidative stress to skeletal muscle, heart and other organs. As an adaptive response, muscle antioxidant defense systems are upregulated in response to exercise to restore intracellular prooxidantantioxidant homeostasis. Thus, both young and old animals and humans involved in regular exercise have shown reduced oxidative damage during acute … …American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2008 · 7,818 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractHormetic Interventions in AgingSuresh I.S. RattanSingle or multiple exposure to low doses of potentially harmful agents can have a variety of anti-aging and longevity-extending hormetic effects. These hormetic stressors include irradiation, physical activity, food limitation, heat, hypergravity, dietary components and reactive oxygen species. Molecular mechanisms facilitating the hormetic effects are being elucidated and comprise a cascade of stress response and maintenance and repair pathways. Although … …American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2008 · 7,833 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractHormetic Triggers for Intervention in Aging, Disease and TraumaJoan Smith SonnebornHormesis refers to the ability of a chemical or physical agent to condition the physiological state of an organism to tolerate stress with low doses of otherwise harmful agents. Evolutionary evidence shows that the survival and longevity of species hinge on their optimal ability to resist stress challenge. Hormesis is a potent strategy to stimulate latent repair processes to tolerate … …American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2008 · 7,898 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractDynamically Reconfigurable Embedded Architecture-An Alternative To Application-Specific Digital Signal Processing ArchitecturesN. Ramadass, S. Natarajan, J. Raja Paul PerinbamEmerging trends in design of real-time digital signal processing systems indicate that in the future, a significant amount of performance improvement can be achieved using dynamically reconfigurable embedded architectures consisting of reconfigurable, general-purpose components. Although embedded real-time systems have long been prevailing in our society, no firm scientific base has been established yet to handle timing requirements in a systematic … …Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 3, Issue 10 · 31 Oct 2007 · 6,735 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractMolecular Mechanisms for Altered Glucose Homeostasis in HIV InfectionPaula W. HruzA complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to HIV-associated insulin resistance remains elusive. Complex interrelationships between genetic predisposition, disease-related body changes and multidrug therapy all contribute to alterations in glucose homeostasis. These abnormalities can be differentiated between acute and reversible changes directly induced by HAART medications and more chronic and less reversible changes due to the development of lipodystrophy … …American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 2, Issue 3 · 30 Sep 2006 · 6,882 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractPathophysiology of Adipocyte Defects and Dyslipidemia in HIV Lipodystrophy: New Evidence from Metabolic and Molecular StudiesAshok Balasubramanyam, Rajagopal V. Sekhar, Farook Jahoor et al.Despite a burgeoning mass of descriptive information regarding the epidemiology, clinical features, body composition changes, hormonal alterations and dyslipidemic patterns in patients with HIV lipodystrophy syndrome (HLS), the specific biochemical pathways that are dysregulated in the condition and the molecular mechanisms that lead to their dysfunction, remain relatively unexplored. In this paper, we review studies that detail the metabolic basis … …American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 2, Issue 3 · 30 Sep 2006 · 6,611 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractIn vitro Effects of Beet Root Juice on Stimulated and Unstimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear CellsChristiana Winkler, Barbara Wirleitner, Katharina Schroecksnadel et al.Intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants is suggested to reduce the incidence of cancer and coronary heart disease in humans. Exceptional antioxidant activity of beet root extracts has been reported. Likewise in animal models, e.g., extracts of red beetroot Beta vulgaris var. rubra revealed significant tumor inhibitory effects. Red beetroot concentrate is universally permitted as a food ingredient. … …American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 1, Issue 4 · 31 Dec 2005 · 9,528 accessesView PDFCite