Decoding Late Blight of Potato and Tomato: Insights into Pathogen Dynamics, Host Interactions and Emerging Solutions

The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the source of late blight, a devastating disease that significantly impacts on tomato and potato cultivation worldwide, threatening food security and causing considerable economic losses. This review explores the epidemiological dynamics of late blight, focusing on the pathogen's life cycle, reproductive strategies, and molecular pathogenesis. Traditional management strategies, including cultural practices, host resistance, and biocontrol agents, are discussed alongside emerging sustainable technologies. Recent advancements such as CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, RNAi (RNA interference), MAS (Marker-Assisted Selection), and biopesticides offer promising solutions to enhance resistance and reduce environmental impacts. IoT sensors and drones with thermal and multispectral imaging are highlighted for their role in real-time disease monitoring, along with the importance of integrating these tools with advanced forecasting models like BLITECAST and JHULSACAST for precision disease management. This comprehensive review offers insightful information about sustainable late blight management techniques, emphasizing the potential of combining innovative technologies with traditional practices to address this persistent agricultural challenge. It underscores the need for collaborative research, policy support, and continued investment in integrated approaches to ensure resilient potato and tomato cultivation in light of evolving threats.