Research ArticleOpen accessIn the keywordsAn Empirical Investigation of the Pollution Haven-Halo Nexus in Eastern and Southern AfricaPaul KauluThis study looks into the relationship between trade and pollution in Eastern and Southern Africa from 1977 to 2016. This timeframe is particularly relevant as it was marked by rising CO₂ emissions despite major climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+, 2007), as well as the Paris Agreement (2015). Using time-series … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 21, Issue 1 · 28 Jan 2026 · 2,917 accessesView PDFCite