Research ArticleOpen accessEvery word in the titleOptimized Wireless Sensor Network Clustering Using a Hybrid Firefly–Bat Algorithm (HFBA)J. Jegan, Senthil kumar P, S. Saravanakumar et al.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of numerous sensor nodes that collaborate to observe and evaluate various environmental parameters, transmitting the data to a central base station. Each node is equipped with a unique transmitter, receiver, and processor to facilitate sensing, processing, and communication. These networks are often installed in extremely remote and inaccessible areas. A significant challenge arises from … …Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 22, Issue 5 · 19 May 2026 · 1,431 accessesView PDFCite