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18 articles for “Expenditures”
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Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractRegional Development Model for East AzerbaijanHamid R. AlipourProblem statement: Economic development is a process through which scientific-technical production principles change from a traditional status to a modern one. Development is an important event that not only encompasses the government duties, but alters the regional statesmen to be active elements in the development as well. Along the same lines, the present economic trends around the world tend to … …Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2009 · 8,130 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractLow-Cost Encoding Device for Optical Code Division Multiple Access SystemMohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Boonchuan Ng, Norshilawati Mohamad Ibrahim, Sahbudin ShaariProblem statement: Instead of using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) to develop the coded spectrums, which consist of expensive elements, the grating also are highly sensitive to environmental changes and this will contribute to the increment of capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX). Approach: This study presented the development of low-cost 16-ports encoding device for Optical Code Division Multiple Access … …American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2009 · 7,638 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractStrengthening Conservation in the Tropics: The Water Canon of Costa RicaFrancisco Benavides, John N. VeenstraProblem statement: The tropics contain primary forests with a significant value for society, as they provide services such as carbon sequestration, soil conservation, bio-prospecting, water storage and others. Competing land uses have not favored conservation during the last several decades and therefore the need for an effective public policy instrument to curtail forest loss is evident. Approach: This article analyzed … …American Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 2 · 30 Apr 2009 · 6,910 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractImpact of Information Asymmetry on Municipal Bond Yields: An Empirical AnalysisKenneth Daniels, Demissew Diro EjaraProblem statement: There is a significant difference between the interest rates on the GO and the RV municipal bonds. We sought explanation for this difference in differences in information asymmetry between the two types of municipal bonds. GO bonds finance general municipality expenditures and repayment is from general tax revenues. RV bonds finance special projects and repayment is from cash … …American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Vol. 1, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2009 · 8,033 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractSelf-Organizing Map and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network Based Data Mining To Envisage Agriculture CultivationE. T. Venkatesh, Dr. P. ThangarajStudy on characteristics of soil, to determine the types of crops suitable for cultivation in a particular region can increase the yield to greater extent, which minimizes the expenditures involved in irrigation and application of fertilizers. With the tested techniques available for calibrating the quality of soil and the crops suitable for cultivation in it, it is possible to determine … …Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 4, Issue 6 · 30 Jun 2008 · 6,785 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractAggregate Import Demand and Expenditure Components in GhanaOteng-Abayie Eric Fosu, Frimpong Joseph MagnusThe behaviour of Ghana’s imports during the period 1970-2002 was studied using disaggregated expenditure components of total national income. We used newly developed bounds testing approach to cointegration and estimated an error correction model to separate the short- and long-run elements of the import demand relationship. The study revealed inelastic import demand for all the expenditure components and relative price. … …Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 1 · 31 Mar 2008 · 7,766 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractExergoeconomic Analysis of a Refrigeration CycleDurriye Bilge, Galip TemirThe exergoeconomic theory is applied to a two stage vapour compression refrigeration cycle. An exergy-aided cost analysis, taking into account pressure drops and heat gain/loss for all of the components in the refrigeration system as well as the pipe connections, has been made. Exergoeconomic factors, showing whether the monetary expenditures mostly originate from capital investment and Operating and Maintenance (O&M) … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2004 · 7,146 accessesView PDFCite
Research ArticleOpen accessIn the abstractOn the Optimum Numbers of Stages in Vapour Compression Refrigeration SystemsDurriye Bilge, Galip TemirIn this study, cases of single-stage and multi-stage compression have been compared and contrasted through various angles while concentrating on refrigeration systems with 600 kW cooling capacity and working with ammonia. For five different numbers of stages, power consumption, costs of investment, operation and maintenance (O and M), COP and 2nd law efficiencies have been calculated. As the amount of … …American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 2 · 30 Jun 2004 · 6,688 accessesView PDFCite