Bioprospection of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Mangrove Ecosystems and their Potential Biotechnological Applications

The unique mangrove ecosystem hosts a variety of microorganism activities, including the crucial role of endophytic bacteria. Microorganisms found in mangrove forests play an important role in maintaining the biosphere by uniting various living beings and can be vital for future biotechnological applications. The use of microorganisms in the field of biotechnology is prevalent for producing antimicrobials against pathogenic bacteria and as a source of drugs such as anticancer compounds, antioxidants, disease-causing antifungals, insecticides, immunosuppressants, and immune modulators. The potential of endophytic bacteria in mangrove ecosystems, which boast abundant diversity, remains largely unexplored and scientifically under-researched. This review aims to investigate various types of endophytic bacteria and summarize the potential of biotechnology employed in various aspects. The review finds that bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas are the most common endophytic bacteria and possess potential antimicrobial activity. The bioactive compounds found, such as L-asparaginase, function as a medical treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), while actinomycin D compounds have the potential to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis (TB). This study provides a broad overview of the diversity and potential of endophytic bacteria from mangrove ecosystems.