Indian Toy Research: Trends, Gaps and Future Directions

This review aims to synthesize the current state of toy-related research in India, identify major research gaps, and propose a conceptual framework for the emerging interdisciplinary field of Toy Science. A structured review of approximately 95 India-focused publications was conducted. The reference list includes representative sources cited directly in the manuscript, while additional documents were used for thematic synthesis and evidence mapping. The reviewed literature was categorized into five thematic domains: Toy-based pedagogy, traditional toys and Indigenous Knowledge Systems, cognitive and motor development through play, STEM and digital toys, and toy safety and standards. The findings indicate growing evidence supporting toy-based learning, cultural preservation through traditional toys, and innovation through STEM initiatives such as Toycathon and Atal Tinkering Labs. Still, significant gaps remain, particularly in longitudinal research, interdisciplinary collaboration, toy safety surveillance, and evaluation of digital and technology-enabled toys. Based on the synthesis, a conceptual framework of Toy Science, a policy-evidence alignment matrix, and a national research roadmap are proposed. The study highlights the need for an integrated research ecosystem linking education, child development, design, engineering, culture, and policy to support evidence-based toy innovation and implementation aligned with the goals of the National Education Policy 2020.