Unveiling the Future: A Survey of Electric Propulsion Systems and their Pivotal Role in Shaping the Next Frontier of Space Exploration

Electric propulsion represents the future of space travel, which is a promising technology for Earth-orbital and deep space missions, including potential applications in human Mars missions. The past decade has witnessed substantial progress in the conceptualization and experimentation of electric thrusters and their propellants, signaling a transformative era in space exploration. This review provides an overview of the comparison between electric and chemical propulsion, followed by a detailed examination of current research and development on various types of electric propulsion thrusters. The discussion encompasses the adoption of diverse technologies to enhance the scalability of these thrusters, presenting a comprehensive outlook on the future of space exploration.