On-Farm Phenotypic Characterization of Sheep Breeds in Botswana

Phenotypic characterization data serve as a baseline for the evaluation of the effectiveness of selection programs and the development of conservation strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to phenotypically characterize Tswana, Dorper, Damara, Meat-master, and Karakul sheep breeds in Botswana under a ranch management system. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected from 595 adult sheep (one year and above). Data on qualitative and quantitative traits were analyzed by employing the frequency and General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4, respectively. Damara and Meat-master sheep had brown coat color and straight long tails. Dorper and Karakul breeds had plain coats, with Dorper having a black head and white body while Karakul was entirely black. Tswana sheep exhibited a patchy white coat pattern. Breed and sex significantly influenced body weight and most linear body measurements, with males generally being heavier than females. Meat-master, Dorper, and Karakul rams had significantly higher body length, heart girth, head width, and ear width than their indigenous counterparts (Tswana and Damara). There were no significant differences between Damara and Tswana rams in body weight, heart girth, ear width, and rump width. Dorper ewes had significantly higher body length, shoulder width, and rump width. Body weight, heart girth, and height at withers were significantly higher in Damara and Meat-master castrates. The study indicated variation across sheep breeds in Botswana under a ranch management system, which may aid in breed improvement programs.