Investigating Campylobacter Spp. in Mekong Delta Duck Farms: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance

Campylobacter spp. is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, contributing to significant health and economic burdens, especially in poor hygiene practices. Investigating this bacterium's prevalence and antibiotic resistance in ducks from the Mekong Delta is essential, as the region's extensive duck farming industry presents a potential risk for transmission to humans through the food chain. During August 2024 to February 2025, this study surveyed 15 households and collected 324 samples (78 wastewaters, 78 environmental/fecal, and 168 cloacal swabs) across three provinces (Soc Trang, Hau Giang, and Tien Giang) in the Mekong Delta to assess Campylobacter spp. prevalence. A questionnaire was collected to analyze risk factors, employing a combination of multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression models to identify key determinants of Campylobacter spp. infection. The sample was cultured in nutrient broth medium for 24 hours to enhance proliferation before using the PCR method to detect Campylobacter spp. and identify associated antibiotic resistance genes. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 50.31% of 324 samples from Hau Giang, Soc Trang, and Tien Giang, with Tien Giang having the highest prevalence at 82.00% (n = 82), indicating significant regional variation (p<0.001). Sample type (environmental/fecal, cloacal swabs, or wastewater) showed no significant differences. Logistic regression identified Tien Giang as a significant risk factor for Campylobacter infection (OR = 16.3, p<0.001). Demographic and practice factors were not significantly associated. The tetO gene was the most prevalent (84.42%, n = 130), with Hau Giang showing the highest resistance rates. Environmental/fecal samples had the highest prevalence of resistance genes like tetO (93.18%, n = 41) and cmeB (54.55%, n = 24), highlighting the farm environment's role in spreading antibiotic resistance in the Mekong Delta. The results highlight the importance of focusing targeted biosecurity measures on high-risk areas. The detection of the highest rates of antibiotic-resistance genes in environmental fecal samples suggests that this could be a significant reservoir. This underscores the need for antibiotic stewardship and improved sanitation practices on farms.