Volume 2, Issue 3 (2006) | American Journal of Infectious Diseases

Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Substance Abuse

Jag H. Khalsa — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.125.129

There are an estimated 200 million users of an illicit drug in the world today. In addition, an estimated 40 million people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and an estimated 18...

Gonadal and Adrenal Abnormalities in Drug Users: Cause or Consequence of Drug Use Behavior and Poor Health Outcomes

Todd T. Brown — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.130.135

Opiates and cocaine both have effects on adrenal and gonadal function. Opiates suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas cocaine leads to HPA activation. Opiates also cause gonad...

Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in Drug Abusers and HIV-Infected Individuals: Cortisol Response to Cold Pressor Challenge

Mahendra Kumar — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.136.140

Although endocrine abnormalities have been reported in HIV-1 infection, the role of risk factors is not understood. Injecting drug use (IDU) is an important risk factor for contracting HIV-infection a...

Leptin and Adiponectin in the HIV Associated Metabolic Syndrome: Physiologic and Therapeutic Implications

Sotirios Tsiodras — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.141.152

Leptin and adiponectin represent two newly discovered adipose tissue derived hormones with important roles in energy homeostasis and insulin resistance. Their interrelations with the manifestations of...

The Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy in HIV-infection

Donald P. Kotler — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.153.158

The results of these studies suggested that the growth hormone might play a role in the management of visceral fat accumulation associated with HIV. Analysis of the treatment effect sizes in the publi...

Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with the Use of Protease Inhibitors and Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Madhu N. Rao — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.159.166

The use of protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS has been associated with multiple abnormalities in glucose and lipid meta...

Pathophysiology of Adipocyte Defects and Dyslipidemia in HIV Lipodystrophy: New Evidence from Metabolic and Molecular Studies

Ashok Balasubramanyam — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.167.172

Despite a burgeoning mass of descriptive information regarding the epidemiology, clinical features, body composition changes, hormonal alterations and dyslipidemic patterns in patients with HIV lipody...

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Marianna K Baum — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.173.179

The frequency of coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasing among HIV seropositive persons. This phenomenon may be related to HIV disease itself, the use of antiretroviral medications and increased le...

Nutritional Alterations in Drug Abusers With and Without HIV

Janet E. Forrester — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.180.183

Many studies have found that drug abusers have nutritional deficits, including weight deficits. The most plausible explanation for these deficits is dietary insufficiency. However, studies using objec...

Abnormal Glucose Regulation and Treatment Strategies for Insulin Resistance HIV-Infected Patients

Steven Grinspoon — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.184.186

HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy often demonstrate abnormalities in glucose regulation, in association with changes in fat distribution[1,2]. In the majority of cas...

Molecular Mechanisms for Altered Glucose Homeostasis in HIV Infection

Paula W. Hruz — 2006-09-30

American Journal of Infectious Diseases, Published online: 30 September 2006; doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2006.187.192

A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to HIV-associated insulin resistance remains elusive. Complex interrelationships between genetic predisposition, disease-related body chang...